tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58584300375786241982024-03-12T17:55:12.032-07:00pahistorybooksSandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.comBlogger159125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-71114535212151127142020-07-19T17:40:00.000-07:002020-07-19T17:40:24.063-07:00A Thrilling Ride<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimOjgd6U2AAzCB7k7gylKqvo20i_7J3PQ4J2HkZ2HTH79t-dZh84F6UmwAKmZwwNrFwFq_iGsu8rizv3m7o6KhZkJUhlWEfhZqrfSMJrgIHEpcx9jREdLM5EyUm_V0_9FmlJzyo9yzSii/s1600/Pennsylvania._Lumbering_and_lumber_towns_-_log_raft_on_West_branch_of_Susquehanna._LCCN2016650769.tif.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="754" data-original-width="1024" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimOjgd6U2AAzCB7k7gylKqvo20i_7J3PQ4J2HkZ2HTH79t-dZh84F6UmwAKmZwwNrFwFq_iGsu8rizv3m7o6KhZkJUhlWEfhZqrfSMJrgIHEpcx9jREdLM5EyUm_V0_9FmlJzyo9yzSii/s320/Pennsylvania._Lumbering_and_lumber_towns_-_log_raft_on_West_branch_of_Susquehanna._LCCN2016650769.tif.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
I’ve found some really
interesting stories from the past. While reading a town’s website for my <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Iron Making and Other Pennsylvania
Industries</i> book, I read about the start of lumber rafting down the Delaware
River which is Pennsylvania’s eastern border. Men lashed whole logs together to
make a raft and rode them downstream to businesses that would buy wood. Shipbuilders
along the Delaware needed long straight poles for masts and crossbeams. Philadelphia
furniture makers also wanted wood. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
Long after the
first log raft in the 1760s, Frank Walton and his crew cut down trees, constructed
a raft, launched it onto the Delaware River, and floated down in 1869. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Riding
a raft of lashed together logs with no good way to hang on would be daring enough,
but another thrill in the trip occurred when Frank and his crew sighted
elephants in the water ahead near the town of Milford, Pennsylvania. With no
brakes or any other way to stop the raft, they barreled into one of the
giants, an angry mean one! The men shouted and fought him with their oars to
keep him from hurting them. Finally, they were able to push away and continue
their dangerous trip down the river. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Why
would a group of elephants be crossing the Delaware River of all places? A
circus traveling in the area thought a bridge over the Delaware might break
from the weight of the elephants and chose the river bed instead as a safer
route. The elephant that the lumbermen landed up against had the name of Tippo
Sahib who had killed his trainer recently. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
next time you cross a Pennsylvania river on a bridge, look down and think about
how you would feel seeing elephants plodding through the water. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Do
you know any amazing lumbermen stories, past or present? The job was and still
is one with lots of danger. Please share your story in the comment section. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b>Reference</b>: “The Lord High
Admiral.” Townofcocectonny.org. Web Aug 2018. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>Photo Credit</b>: “Pennsylvania. Lumbering and Lumber Towns –
Log Raft on West Branch of Susquehanna.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Library
of Congress.</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wikimedia.org</i>. Web
24 Oct 2018 </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pennsylvania._Lumbering_and_lumber_towns_-_log_raft_on_West_branch_of_Susquehanna._LCCN2016650769.tif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
_log_raft_on_West_branch_of_Susquehanna._LCCN2016650769.tif.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-77742676083728592462018-07-21T13:05:00.001-07:002018-07-21T13:05:54.234-07:00Erie Fishing: Part Four<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgepM2W5kMWwK7gpoUFU4nHLo-unNU3OKuRIfHRtO04YIWlP-2Zpx8Pu5D9owlqMihXRiUo1vszfjfsB7baIfM5LnivfmKyY8nT3ZuzMBK4oGEa9K3Dt6Ys-zUOcv_iOKeU3oQonmt_WzPV/s1600/Lake+Erie++2010.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgepM2W5kMWwK7gpoUFU4nHLo-unNU3OKuRIfHRtO04YIWlP-2Zpx8Pu5D9owlqMihXRiUo1vszfjfsB7baIfM5LnivfmKyY8nT3ZuzMBK4oGEa9K3Dt6Ys-zUOcv_iOKeU3oQonmt_WzPV/s320/Lake+Erie++2010.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lake Erie 2010</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
The kinds of
fish caught on Lake Erie changed over the years. Many of the popular fish
decreased in availability from over fishing, huge buyer demand, environmental
factors, and the loss of the spawning waters. For example, the sauger, with blotched
brown or gray sides, 12 to 18 inches long, and a long sleek body similar to a
walleye, grew scarce because of over fishing and habitat loss. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fish Caught in
Lake Erie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1700s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1800s<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1900s<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2000s<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Popular Fish<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
black bass, catfish, lake trout, perch,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>muskellunge, northern pike, whitefish, <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
lake sturgeon, <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cisco, whitefish, lake trout<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
northern pike, walleyes, blue pike, smelt, white bass, whitefish, carp,
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
goldfish, yellow perch, suckers, <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
catfish<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Declined in number during this time<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.0pt;" valign="top" width="139">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
muskellunge, lake sturgeon<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
herring, northern pike, bluepike,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sauger, suckers, whitefish<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.7pt;" valign="top" width="125">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
cisco, lake trout<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ways of Fishing<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Even
though the Seneca used nets, most Erie fishermen first used hook-and-line
fishing to bring in fish. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
With the introduction of the
seine net by Thomas Horton in 1830, fishermen caught more fish at one time. The
seine is a long rectangle net with a weighted bottom. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The gill-net which tangled a fish’s gills came into use
in the 1850s. The holes in the net are made a size that a fish’s head can go
through but not its body. As the fish struggles, the cord slips behind its
gills trapping it.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The seine or the gill net needed
many men working together to haul them in over the side of the boat. Later,
mechanical net pullers cut down the need for so much crew. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
In 1902, fishermen used an estimated 800 miles of nets in
Lake Erie</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b>The End of the
Industry</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
number one reason for the end of Erie fishing came from the new supermarket
style of merchandising in the early 1900s. Until that time, people went to a
fish market to buy fresh fish. The supermarkets wanted their products in
packages ready to put out for sale at an inexpensive price. Salt-water fish
could be obtained cheaper than Erie’s fresh-water fish. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
To reduce the number of fish of
endangered fish being caught, the government banned the use of gill nets in
1996. The seine net was also prohibited for most species. This caused the final
collapse of the Erie fishing industry. Bringing in the quantity of fish needed
to make a business thrive grew too difficult. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8;"><b><o:p> </o:p></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">References</span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-size: 10pt;">Applegate, Vernon C. and Harry D. Van Meter. “A Brief History of Commercial Fishing in Lake Erie.” Fishery Leaflet 630, April 1970 Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior. <i>pubs.usgs.gov</i>. Web 24 April 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b6d7a8; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt;">Arway, John A. “Lake Erie Commercial Fishing – 2016.” <i>Fishandboat.com</i>. Web 6 May 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b6d7a8; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 10pt;">Gwynn, David. “A Quick History of the Supermarket.” <i>Groceteria.com</i>, 1999-2018. Web 4 Jan 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b6d7a8; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt;">Roddy, Dennis B. “Caught in a Net of Laws and Bans, Fishermen Lost Their Livelihood.” <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>, Sept. 30, 2010. Web 6 May 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #b6d7a8; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-size: 10pt;">Smith, Kristina. “Ohio wants to bring two fish species back to Lake Erie.” <i>Port Clinton News Herald</i>.<i>com</i>, April 16, 2015 Web 4 Jan 2018<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-size: 10pt;">Watkins, Charles A. “A Good Day’s Catch: Commercial Fishing in Erie.” <i>Pennsylvania Heritage</i>, Vol. IX, No. 2, pages 12-17. Harrisburg: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Spring 1983. Print.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<br />Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-4978373543465658262018-05-19T09:59:00.000-07:002018-07-28T06:08:45.747-07:00The Fishing Industry in Pennsylvania: Part Three<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMinnOhDA_J976z3eX4BoAgJTPlx-EyFqVZiLPXEhJpe8s4a7cKM0O0DlzHyVjBXFbDvZTCZlEnaZ-dW49lNBejRm0xYVA9ZduQt8wD17sW6dvKqV90VNlWj1wHZTgoAmyXyaWFPW2CjXV/s1600/Lake+Erie+069.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMinnOhDA_J976z3eX4BoAgJTPlx-EyFqVZiLPXEhJpe8s4a7cKM0O0DlzHyVjBXFbDvZTCZlEnaZ-dW49lNBejRm0xYVA9ZduQt8wD17sW6dvKqV90VNlWj1wHZTgoAmyXyaWFPW2CjXV/s320/Lake+Erie+069.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Presque Isle Lighthouse <br />
watched over<br />
fishermen after being built in 1873</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">Erie
Fishing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
Fish, fish,
fish. That is what the people of Erie, Pennsylvania, did daily. They also ate
lots of fish. The city of Erie is located next to Lake Erie in the northwest
corner of Pennsylvania and in the 1900s once had the <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-fishing-industry-in-pennsylvania.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>distinction of being the largest
freshwater fishing port in the world. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
In the 1700s,
residents of the town of Erie bought fish from the first commercial fishermen,
the Seneca Indians. Later, many townspeople also fished for profit. The
Industrial Revolution brought new inhabitants to the area, immigrants from
faraway places. Many of them, accustomed to a diet of fish, purchased the fare
from Erie fishermen at the markets. The building of the area’s railroad system
extended the market grounds even farther. The Lake Erie catch could then be
easily shipped to customers in eastern United States cities, including New York
City.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">From Canoes to Small Sailboats<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Seneca, of course, used canoes for fishing, but later small sailboats became
the vehicles for fishermen to roam Lake Erie in search of good fishing places.
In 1856, the area had three sailboats, and by 1884, a fleet of fifty sailboats
traversed the waters.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Steamboats<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
first steamboat to run on Lake Erie, Walk-in-the-Water, built in 1818, made
regular trips along the southern side of the lake to convey passengers. The use
of steam to power fishing boats began later, in 1881, with big, wooden steam
tugs of up to 65 feet in length. Fishing tugs are not the same as the tug boats
that pull other boats. Most fish tugs are longer without the high wheel house
that a pulling tug boat has.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
Four years later,
the area had four tugs, each valued at $40,000. By 1892, the sailboat
population had diminished to fourteen, but the steam tugs had increased to 28 and
employed 500 men in the fishing trade. At first the tugs had open decks, but
gradually they changed to closed decks to allow the fishermen some relief from
the wind and rain. One hundred fish tugs roamed the lake by 1920. In the 1950s,
new fish tugs had steel hulls instead of wooden. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
(To Be Continued)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b>References<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Applegate, Vernon C. and Harry D.
Van Meter. “A Brief History of Commercial Fishing in Lake Erie.” Fishery
Leaflet 630, April 1970 Washington, D.C.: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR Web 24 April 2017 <https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/81373/report.pdf><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Arway, John A. “Lake Erie
Commercial Fishing – 2016.” Fishandboat.com. Web 6 May 2017
<http://www.fishandboat.com/Regulations/Documents/noticesDocs/2016_04_05tac16.pdf><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
“The River as an Employer.”
Delaware Riverkeeper Network. Web 16 May 2017
<http://www.delawareriverkeeper.org/sites/default/files/Environment_&_Economy.pdf><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Watkins, Charles A. “A Good Day’s
Catch: Commercial Fishing in Erie.” Pennsylvania Heritage, Vol. IX, No. 2,
pages 12-17. Harrisburg: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Spring 1983. Print.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<br />Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-6569200579745338642018-04-16T14:27:00.000-07:002018-05-19T10:00:16.524-07:00The Fishing Industry in Pennsylvania: Part Two<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qi0UK0pjAwU31Ymy03cCfhSQmBT7awg2Xc_xDc80f2XNIdnXPLrZ4HQxZbMSa_Dz4SvU-fDka9WJvsTE7J9-sP5MTqI5XmBOrvUgc7q-JFPK68Tk0e_YvvMPzSuhIffog4vUto5jqQNX/s1600/American+Shad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="496" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_qi0UK0pjAwU31Ymy03cCfhSQmBT7awg2Xc_xDc80f2XNIdnXPLrZ4HQxZbMSa_Dz4SvU-fDka9WJvsTE7J9-sP5MTqI5XmBOrvUgc7q-JFPK68Tk0e_YvvMPzSuhIffog4vUto5jqQNX/s320/American+Shad.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shad
Fishing (con't)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
In the early 1800s, the
construction of the three dams hurt the shad fishing. The Shawmont and Reading Dams
on the Schuylkill River were built to make the river more travelable by boat.
The Fairmount Dam also on the Schuylkill made a reservoir for a water works
company that provided water for Philadelphia. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The dams prevented <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2018/04/the-fishing-industry-in-pennsylvania.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>the shad from spawning
in the Schuylkill River, the best place to fish for shad at that time.
Likewise, the building of the canal system during the same period inhibited the
shad from coming up the Susquehanna River. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
To provide a place for the shad to
go upstream beside the dams, the government tried constructing fishways. Fishways
provided water-filled steps that the fish could leap. Unfortunately, the
fishways did not help the shad because they had already quit migrating up the
Schuylkill. For a reason, experts point to the pollution caused by a gas works
built on the lower part of the Schuylkill in 1830. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The government also attempted
raising shad in hatcheries and putting them into streams but gave up this
project in the 1930s. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
In 1890, commercial fishermen
harvested sixteen million pounds of shad from Delaware River.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 1905 figure dropped to three million. The
last time a million pounds were caught in the Delaware was in 1916. The
Delaware River had a bit longer success with shad fishing, but overfishing,
pollution, and other environmental factors decreased the number of fish. Thus,
the Pennsylvania shad industry couldn’t survive and closed down in the middle
of the 1900s. Many fishermen went to work in the World War II shipyards.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
A viable fishing business resurfaced
in the Delaware River after the water from two hurricanes in August 1955
removed the pollution barrier at Philadelphia. Fish are again able to migrate
up this river, and the American shad have come back as a marketable fish. Shad
are being stocked from fish hatcheries and now use the fish ladders to get past
dams.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Buying fresh
fish at an outdoor market is again popular in Philadelphia especially at the Italian Market, the oldest and largest outdoor market in the United States and
at the Reading Terminal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 18px; text-indent: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 18px; text-indent: 0px;">To be continued...</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">References</span></b><br />
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commercial Fishing in the Estuary.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Estuary News</i>, Summer 2013, Vol. 23, Issue 4. Web 24 April 2017 <http://udel.edu/~spyzguyz/images/CommercialFishingPDE.pdf></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fisher, MD, George R. “Philadelphia Fish and Fishing.” Philadelphia Reflections, 2004 - 2017 Web 24 2017 <http://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/topic/33.htm></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jenk, Torben and Remer, Rich. “American Shad Timeline Along the Delaware River.” Workshop of the World.com. 2006. Web 15 Jan 2018 <http://www.workshopoftheworld.com/resources/shad_timeline.html></div>
“The River as an Employer.” Delaware Riverkeeper Network. Web 16 May 2017 <http://www.delawareriverkeeper.org/sites/default/files/Environment_&_Economy.pdf><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wegmann, Edward. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Design and Construction of Dams: Including Masonry, Earth, Rock-fill, Timber,
and Steel Structures, Also the Principal Types of Movable Dams.</i> New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1918. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Google
Books</i>. Web 28 April 2017<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<https://books.google.com/books?id=L6AgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA289&lpg=PA289&dq=felix+dam+built+in+reading+pa&source=bl&ots=ocKAWkQLxJ&sig=23stvBpGeB6ayg_NX17mTSC16F4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-1suA0MjTAhUr04MKHWfhAuUQ6AEIVDAL#v=onepage&q=felix%20dam%20built%20in%20reading%20pa&f=false><o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-80181800226881699652018-04-11T03:11:00.000-07:002018-04-16T14:30:21.424-07:00The Fishing Industry in Pennsylvania<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBcAVhxgGrBzhOCLynkquHOwGyJOe3uRQcFhSWBqvVSR-cNNsqjXCPRN2tiyxqjpzDfJMMKTMmLaQQYMAsb02B6rXmzIc4fbKqrBPzElGet_aY6qpm7iOR5GGYRI2ip5E-1yf2TC-apZQM/s1600/American+Shad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="496" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBcAVhxgGrBzhOCLynkquHOwGyJOe3uRQcFhSWBqvVSR-cNNsqjXCPRN2tiyxqjpzDfJMMKTMmLaQQYMAsb02B6rXmzIc4fbKqrBPzElGet_aY6qpm7iOR5GGYRI2ip5E-1yf2TC-apZQM/s320/American+Shad.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">American Shad</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">The
American shad is a silver-colored fish with a greenish band along its back and
dark spots along the top of its sides. This species is the largest member of
the herring family. In weight, American shad average from four to seven pounds
and can be anywhere between 16 and 30 inches long.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">Prior to the late 1800s, large groups of
American shad grew to maturity in the Atlantic Ocean, and then made their way
up rivers in April and May. After reaching the Pennsylvania waters <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2018/04/fishing-in-pennsylvania.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">of the
Schuylkill, Susquehanna, and Delaware Rivers, the American shad laid their eggs
called roe to develop into baby fish. This process is called spawning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">In the early days of America, the Lenape Native
Americans caught the fish during its upriver migration. The Lenape used nets
made from brush or grass. They made the grass nets from the triangle-shaped
stem of sedge grass. These would have been a seine-like net which the fishermen
used as a barrier to halt the fish’s swim upstream.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">To make brush nets, the Lenape placed stakes in
a semi-circle in the water. They filled in between the stakes with brush
gathered from the surrounding countryside. The fish would have been driven into
the brush trap. When either net trapped shad, the Lenape speared them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">In Pennsylvania, the Dutch and the Swedes had
the earliest shad fisheries, where they processed fish to sell. When people
process fish, they make them ready to eat by removing the insides and cutting
off the heads, fins, and tails. Some kinds of fish also need their tough scales
or outside skin taken off.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">During the 1800s, shad was the second most
popular fish below cod. Fishing for shad had such importance that other kinds
of factories along shad fishing grounds started later in the morning so that
their employees could fish before coming to work. In the Delaware River region,
the town of Fishtown began because of its shad fisheries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">To be continued...<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“American Shad.” U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. March 14,
2017. Web 15 Jan 2018 <https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/fishmigration/american_shad.html><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Delaware Bay’s Bounty: Commercial Fishing in the Estuary.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Estuary News</i>, Summer 2013, Vol. 23,
Issue 4. Web 24 April 2017 <http://udel.edu/~spyzguyz/images/CommercialFishingPDE.pdf><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fisher, MD, George R. “Philadelphia Fish and Fishing.” Philadelphia Reflections, 2004 - 2017 Web 24 2017 <http://www.philadelphia-reflections.com/topic/33.htm></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jenk, Torben and Remer, Rich. “American Shad Timeline Along the Delaware River.” Workshop of the World.com. 2006. Web 15 Jan 2018 <http://www.workshopoftheworld.com/resources/shad_timeline.html></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The River as an Employer.” Delaware Riverkeeper Network. Web 16 May 2017 <http://www.delawareriverkeeper.org/sites/default/files/Environment_&_Economy.pdf></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<br />Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-5048918462578748162017-11-12T17:32:00.000-08:002018-04-16T14:31:10.427-07:00Jobs from the Past<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKdPGOufuQeO_UmVvaei5H8nLGFiLDThwn5kfmkeEVzX4cUtFPNs_tcO15riOo84xZH_ZeqRvySiczX_CiumKnLLNacTdpQyhdXjkbIbeYIoiP8WH4e8GbYEM0pARzi3XlGe_q8ca5gvHk/s1600/SandySieber.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKdPGOufuQeO_UmVvaei5H8nLGFiLDThwn5kfmkeEVzX4cUtFPNs_tcO15riOo84xZH_ZeqRvySiczX_CiumKnLLNacTdpQyhdXjkbIbeYIoiP8WH4e8GbYEM0pARzi3XlGe_q8ca5gvHk/s320/SandySieber.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
I haven’t posted in a while. The local homeschool group asked me to help with their co-op <span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">this fall. I found
that preparing took all my extra time, and my writing took a back seat for a
while. We had about 70 people attend from babies through to the oldest, me! What
fun I had <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/11/jobs-from-past.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">reconnecting to the homeschool world! I already knew some of the
mothers and a few of the children. One mother had been homeschooled the same
time as my children.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Our co-op topic was “Jobs from the
Past.” The first week I spoke about jobs that depended on the power of a water
wheel: miller, sawyer, and paper maker. After
my talk, the younger children, aged five to seven, colored pictures of the
workings of a grist mill, played a memory game with two sets of pictures of the
parts of a grist mill, and looked at different types of grain and flour. The
middle group, aged eight to ten, read about paper making, made a timeline, and examined
a grist mill diagram. The oldest students, aged eleven to fourteen, did some of
the same activities but also watched a slide show about grist mills and placed
the steps for making paper in the right order. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The second week was declared a
favorite when Mr. Jim Page visited dressed in his colonial time attire. He
explained the blacksmithing process to the group and showed many items he had
made. An eleven-year-old attender of the co-op told how he tans
hides. He brought a deer, mink, and muskrat, and hide as well as a corn snake skin.
For this day, I dressed in my mother’s 1976 bicentennial dress and brought lots
of hats to speak about colonial hat making. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja9APzfkz4GGxa3b1uFq4LxscXH2XXZUSSqfEfuI9Sxxldpv0tFYUSODebMP6jIbaHBV7U7np9gLieHKq5lri9erQeLCd_SXJRVw1QxhBX2hA4omeruhjRc625J4hmfXfJt31zsMvGdQeQ/s1600/hatmaking.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja9APzfkz4GGxa3b1uFq4LxscXH2XXZUSSqfEfuI9Sxxldpv0tFYUSODebMP6jIbaHBV7U7np9gLieHKq5lri9erQeLCd_SXJRVw1QxhBX2hA4omeruhjRc625J4hmfXfJt31zsMvGdQeQ/s320/hatmaking.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The third week, we devoted to the
factory stage of industry. They seemed to like hearing about all the people who
used to make automobiles in Pennsylvania. I related how a dress would be made
in a factory. Explaining ship building and talking about Mr. Hershey’s candy
making rounded out the opening talk. During the individual classes we gave them
the opportunity to make a craft using an assembly line. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The last week, each family traveled
to Greenwood Furnace State Park where we watched a video about iron making and
toured the grounds. During my part of the presentation, I gave each child a job
in the iron furnace company and explained what comprised his or her job as an
iron furnace worker.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Overall, I think the children acquired
some knowledge about jobs from the past, and I gained some experience in public
speaking. A big thanks to Judy Mummau for the pictures!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQdN6q_cPeNIlGs6tMww7eBkgig8cGti3dxCNnm_dtzLpbVcCZS76KE0wiMUQgJi4OFaNFVMfPLzomCPOXJi7-OoJFc0rKK_AcQp0iV0AehNlKJSK17y88oSk4401iMzyZiAzawACn4SGq/s1600/ironfurnace.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQdN6q_cPeNIlGs6tMww7eBkgig8cGti3dxCNnm_dtzLpbVcCZS76KE0wiMUQgJi4OFaNFVMfPLzomCPOXJi7-OoJFc0rKK_AcQp0iV0AehNlKJSK17y88oSk4401iMzyZiAzawACn4SGq/s320/ironfurnace.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-30595614777444984072017-09-07T12:43:00.000-07:002017-11-12T17:34:49.776-08:00York Agricultural & Industrial Museum<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhISl4Hs8RBMqTguea7ACavwK1f23ASMZ_jW4s4oYf1akpBx4afMMLpPPJeKEZLzJ7YryAfexfeFC2JFqxLtl0PtrBg_Cc8oZIi-s329YFU4vtN7JhcDxQBZJcHxrWVxrtlYsOA_o7-OYRv/s1600/AgricultureMuseum.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhISl4Hs8RBMqTguea7ACavwK1f23ASMZ_jW4s4oYf1akpBx4afMMLpPPJeKEZLzJ7YryAfexfeFC2JFqxLtl0PtrBg_Cc8oZIi-s329YFU4vtN7JhcDxQBZJcHxrWVxrtlYsOA_o7-OYRv/s320/AgricultureMuseum.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Years ago I wrote about my favorite
museum, the Jimmy Stewart Museum. I just found my second favorite, the York
Agricultural and Industrial Museum. <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/08/williams-grove-historical-steam-engine.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
We began our tour in the Transportation Galley, a huge room with a loft above. Among<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> the other vehicles that this room contained loomed a Conestoga wagon and a trolley car. The full-sized trolley car contained a few benches where we sat to watch a fascinating video made from 8mm movies taken when trolley cars actually traversed the streets of York.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> in the early 1900s. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Upstairs in the loft, we found some very cool cars, all made in Pennsy</span>lvania.<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Two stood
out. The first one, a two-passenger, white Hanover Roadster, had been manufactured at the Hanover Motor Car
Company in 1922 and advertised at the time as “the cheapest automobile in the
world.” What did it cost? $300. The second one, a 1917, five-passenger, bright red
Pullman, had been constructed at the York Pullman Motor Car Company and sold for $740.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgryFEhRObO7dmcFfqLeo_m7n_5L_RrvIteehM9q5tmMkOIMXJlwKv0IyVSFgAwKkf1Iu4qosWSuQ5RRC_2zhcTbpQSQ59xQDW_c_OXnwUPOpJkA89d2acVjw_MEHj4j4jYvQ72XPbF_Tfo/s1600/P1140716.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgryFEhRObO7dmcFfqLeo_m7n_5L_RrvIteehM9q5tmMkOIMXJlwKv0IyVSFgAwKkf1Iu4qosWSuQ5RRC_2zhcTbpQSQ59xQDW_c_OXnwUPOpJkA89d2acVjw_MEHj4j4jYvQ72XPbF_Tfo/s320/P1140716.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Inside of the Conestoga Wagon</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">After walking through a huge
doorway, we found ourselves in a room with agriculture relics. Quite a few had
been built by the A. B. Farquhar Company in York. We found their huge threshing machine,</span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">1850 apple cider press,</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> 1900 portable
steam engine, and 1925 potato planter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Taking up about a third of the room
from floor to ceiling, a working grist mill towered over us with all three
floors exposed. We climbed up through it. I enjoyed the skill with which the
museum people exhibited the workings of the mill. They exposed parts and labeled
them so that the basics of a mill could be easily understood.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">We wandered through the next
section called local industry and viewed many interesting machines. I especially loved
seeing the many printing presses from different time periods as well as the
cases that held the letters, upper cases and lower cases. Anyone understand
where we got the names for our big and small letters of the alphabet, upper
case and lower case?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The final section of the museum,
the Hall of Giants, contained, among other things, the huge <o:p></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6fx4sYlDhbnAcdl_u47w-0QrE3CXXpUezQLOYE9lZyJ7zJfeFSKY5wC99iYkGhzJpfyPOV8_9h3lU54LUhhf-FLVKGiCZle1o-qFbLOqjrOquseM-y0M7BofedwZqyOwt_4yQGUBqDo8t/s1600/P1140694.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6fx4sYlDhbnAcdl_u47w-0QrE3CXXpUezQLOYE9lZyJ7zJfeFSKY5wC99iYkGhzJpfyPOV8_9h3lU54LUhhf-FLVKGiCZle1o-qFbLOqjrOquseM-y0M7BofedwZqyOwt_4yQGUBqDo8t/s320/P1140694.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1917 Pullman</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A-Frame compressor
from an ammonia refrigeration system that had been manufactured in York. The
invention enabled a meat company in Wichita, Kansas, to utilize large blocks of
ice when shipping their products in refrigerated railroad cars to Eastern
United States. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMKayhQjNUwZtiSqiU3aoZhGWGI41UedVLpl-ETYf_DxDQLqD4x0dOGjBTxqSHEYIW1bcaVDH1n_4XBoKge8VHuub3UkUNo13xMtHkmD0rwEWHUpRNZwljmBXJfKcWEfsOVb8OMnFhjU7J/s1600/A-framecompressor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1473" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMKayhQjNUwZtiSqiU3aoZhGWGI41UedVLpl-ETYf_DxDQLqD4x0dOGjBTxqSHEYIW1bcaVDH1n_4XBoKge8VHuub3UkUNo13xMtHkmD0rwEWHUpRNZwljmBXJfKcWEfsOVb8OMnFhjU7J/s320/A-framecompressor.jpg" width="292" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A-Frame Compressor</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
I highly suggest visiting the York
Agricultural Museum for its educational benefits and for the pure enjoyment of
seeing sights no longer visible in our cities, farms, houses, and small towns. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-13049412905296724542017-08-31T07:41:00.004-07:002017-09-17T02:32:31.493-07:00Williams Grove Historical Steam Engine Show<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD3cGKpNyx8xWuHTA1OYhdch9CLZ_zo8nItO0pjS4ZrZUN-5T2ZXCUFq1bpT-HR3X5sT2dy-CJR6CMB3646VyTG9UfwmUXT9l_OAI9Nxau5206_TuaEhetqGe79ucwIxrnCtP3M-Zt5uBC/s1600/Steamtractor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1424" data-original-width="1600" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD3cGKpNyx8xWuHTA1OYhdch9CLZ_zo8nItO0pjS4ZrZUN-5T2ZXCUFq1bpT-HR3X5sT2dy-CJR6CMB3646VyTG9UfwmUXT9l_OAI9Nxau5206_TuaEhetqGe79ucwIxrnCtP3M-Zt5uBC/s320/Steamtractor.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
We took our grandson to his Dillsburg home and noticed
a sign nearby that said <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/08/williams-grove-historical-steam-engine.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>steam tractors, Williams Grove. Less than a mile away, we found rows and rows of
tractors at annual The Williams Grove Historical Steam Engine Show. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I got so excited! I know, I am silly, but I just finished a
section of my new book on agriculture and learned about steam engine tractors.
Here were two rows of them. One gentleman even started his up and rode around
the area while we checked out the others. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the shed nearby, I found what I thought was an ancient hay loader, an early
plow, and a few more devices that my newly agriculture-educated mind did not
recognize. Close to that, what looked like an early reaper sat enclosed in a wire fence. What a
jackpot for someone like me! <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The show will be there through Monday, September 4, 2017, if anyone else is a
little nutty over history or tractors. The website, wghsea.org, has the details. The Steam Tractor Historical Society Facebook page has great videos of the steam tractors and of the sawmill that they run with a steam tractor.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-64550560453784511332017-08-10T17:09:00.000-07:002017-09-06T03:24:57.365-07:00Tailor<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHa8UHIChj2PFAcjbpv2WbuidASv_QnYLg2c8CsapzcU8AAjpeg5OHL8XUHYBv1Qy2k5admY8IiT5pwS5vM3mZl0HHsuDSXwKd1ymMYjuQ8C9x6uQ5_BsWNQkKqndEjz-wKEBWm2i3WRBf/s1600/The_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_%2527_Young_Man_with_a_Flute%2527%252C_to_the_artist_George_Romney%252C_1760-1770.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="499" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHa8UHIChj2PFAcjbpv2WbuidASv_QnYLg2c8CsapzcU8AAjpeg5OHL8XUHYBv1Qy2k5admY8IiT5pwS5vM3mZl0HHsuDSXwKd1ymMYjuQ8C9x6uQ5_BsWNQkKqndEjz-wKEBWm2i3WRBf/s320/The_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_%2527_Young_Man_with_a_Flute%2527%252C_to_the_artist_George_Romney%252C_1760-1770.jpg" width="249" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Young Man with a Flute" by George Romney<br />
shows a garment that would have been made <br />
at a tailor's shop</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Until
the mid-1800s, American people didn’t have factories that made cloth or sewing
machines to sew that cloth. The process of spinning thread, weaving cloth, and
sewing proved to be too much for most folks. More men, women, and children,
rich or poor, needed <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/08/tailor.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">a tailor in those times than any other craftsman. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Therefore,
individuals visited a tailor to have their measurements taken and their
garments made. The tailor would make a paper pattern, cut out a garment, and
sew it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
early tailor’s supplies came from England who shipped more cloth to America
than any other supplier until the Revolutionary War. After that, Americans had
to begin to make their own cloth, thread, and buttons. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> At first, only men worked as tailors. A little later, a
new style of dress called a mantua required a process of draping the cloth for
women’s garments instead of using a paper pattern. This opened the door for
women to begin to make clothing for money. These women tailors were
called mantua makers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">` Tailor apprentices started very
young, usually at age eight and remained an apprentice for seven years. As beginners,
these learners started with plain sewing. Later, they became cutters or finishers.
Cutters cut out patterns and cloth. Finishers completed such tasks as hand
stitching buttonholes, attaching lace to a lady’s gown, and sewing with fancy
stitches to make a garment pretty. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The invention of the sewing machine and the advent of the
Industrial Age decreased the need for tailors. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUq01w1zu7LoE7inADF1HsRrOLINza97urcWSlbCE8fKU8kxZRE47XShuqziderx5UxrXLPQcqI12Xi_c4PHi0YxrwShK2X1xv682MDdbKRmGOwAxFSRqkhm8fWIY7BIBHYq2m7pOK6gMh/s1600/501px-Thomas_Hudson_-_Young_Women_with_a_Lamb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="501" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUq01w1zu7LoE7inADF1HsRrOLINza97urcWSlbCE8fKU8kxZRE47XShuqziderx5UxrXLPQcqI12Xi_c4PHi0YxrwShK2X1xv682MDdbKRmGOwAxFSRqkhm8fWIY7BIBHYq2m7pOK6gMh/s320/501px-Thomas_Hudson_-_Young_Women_with_a_Lamb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal">
“Young Women with a Lamb" by Thomas Hudson<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
shows draped dresses, the work of a mantua maker.</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>References:</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crews, Ed. “Tailor Made for History.” <i>Colonial Wiliamsburg.com.</i> Web. 3 Sept. 2016 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
https://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Autumn05/tailor.cfm<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Taylor, Dale. <i>The
Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Colonial America</i>. Cincinnati: Writer’s
Digest Books, 1997. Print.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-79255242754340657732017-08-05T10:45:00.000-07:002017-08-10T17:11:23.023-07:00Silversmith<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTr5FD6sBad3rB1n5CU4101kMYJt2342ZRaQEdZUWAOc-G1DIqDrlVgRpa_sk_T9D583KNpfO5jJTscg8b2OTt5p5n_pcyYx6xUlJALuzsb3iZ0J_LONkGzu0u8SJRN-VQhTLrogDlFsxo/s1600/silverspoon.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTr5FD6sBad3rB1n5CU4101kMYJt2342ZRaQEdZUWAOc-G1DIqDrlVgRpa_sk_T9D583KNpfO5jJTscg8b2OTt5p5n_pcyYx6xUlJALuzsb3iZ0J_LONkGzu0u8SJRN-VQhTLrogDlFsxo/s320/silverspoon.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
When one of our children was teething, my
mother-in-law gave me three silver spoons which had been in her family. She
told me that her mother had given them to her to teethe on when she was a baby
since they were softer than the silver-plated silverware her family
owned. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
I looked up the silversmith marks on the backs of the
spoons. <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/08/silversmith_5.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>They were all made in Philadelphia, two by D. B. Hindman & Co. who
worked between 1833 and 1837 and the other by Thomas C. Garrett who worked
between 1829 and 1850.<b> </b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b>Colonial Times</b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="text-indent: 48px;">The occupation of silversmith in colonial times brought prestige and prosperity. This craftsman held the highest social position among the artisans of the time period.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Before the above spoon was made, having silver objects in
one’s home represented wealth. Instead of putting one’s coins in a bank, the
owner of extra coins took his coins to a silversmith to be melted and made into
an object such as a teapot or candlestick. The silversmith marked the new
object with the owner’s special symbol. This practice discouraged thieves,
because a robber had trouble selling a stolen object if it had an ownership
symbol on it. Contrary to this, if a burglar stole coins, he could use
them anywhere without anyone knowing whose they were.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b>The Silversmith’s Methods</b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
To make a silver object, the silversmith melted the silver coins. Pure silver
is very soft so a silversmith had to add copper at the ratio of 75 parts to 925
parts of silver to make the metal keep its shape. Besides silver and copper,
silversmiths also worked with gold and brass which is made from copper and tin.<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
To form a useful object, a
silversmith used a couple of different methods. The main one consisted of
heating and then pounding the metal into the desired thickness. To make the
desired shape, he needed to reheat and pound again. Melting and pouring into a
mold is another way the silversmith used to shape metal.<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
A silversmith joined smaller pieces to others by welding, a method that uses
small strands of hot metal to connect two different pieces. He added some
decorations in the same way, but also adorned the piece with etching or
engraving by cutting lines into the metal. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Do you happen to have
any silver spoons good for teething at your house? And where were yours
made?<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b>References:</b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Holden, Amanda. “Colonial Silversmithing Tools.” <i>Ehow.com</i>.<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<http://www.ehow.com/list_6794397_colonial-silversmithing-tools.html>
3 Aug 2017.<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Tunis,
Edwin. <i>Colonial Craftsmen and the Beginnings of American
Industry. </i>New York: The World Publishing Co., 1965. Print.<o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-12243655456524247152017-07-28T07:10:00.000-07:002017-08-05T10:46:57.822-07:00Shoemaker<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNDIi9eg0H22-Hz4B8YAhTNhvmTC2Ug4KR06U8N_VanSMTKRgJHXWoizK92JFWfpU69bL6V_IISqnVVQa4oL9JKbfht8hx6HIUCp7hVoRSUgWoGfFz6vp5YDyQe29owNr4UAXcoxNFxbY/s1600/Shoelast.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1219" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBNDIi9eg0H22-Hz4B8YAhTNhvmTC2Ug4KR06U8N_VanSMTKRgJHXWoizK92JFWfpU69bL6V_IISqnVVQa4oL9JKbfht8hx6HIUCp7hVoRSUgWoGfFz6vp5YDyQe29owNr4UAXcoxNFxbY/s320/Shoelast.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Shoe Last<br />
<b style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> A colonial shoemaker made shoes from leather that he
bought from a tanner. The early shoemaker sold his shoes to the middle and lower income people since wealthy
people ordered their shoes from England and later from the Dutch and French
after America declared its freedom from England. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
shoemaker began by <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/07/shoemaker.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">carving lasts, wooden blocks made into the shape of feet.
From a measurement of the customer’s foot, the shoemaker picked the nearest
size foot-shaped block and made a pattern. With this guide, he cut out the
parts for the shoes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">For
the sole, he soaked a piece of thick leather in water all day then wrapped it
in cloth through the night. In the morning he cut out a rough sole shape then
beat it with a broad-faced hammer to make it more suitable for a foot. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Next,
the shoemaker attached a hog bristle with wax to the end of a waxed linen or
hemp thread. He then sewed the top parts together. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Unlike
today’s shoes, the shoemaker turned the bottom edge of the sides to the outside
and glued it above the sole. On top of
this flange, he cut a shallow channel so that the stitching wouldn’t be subject
to wear. He attached the soles to the body of the shoes with wooden pegs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
shoemaker removed shoe lasts with a special cross-handled hook. Boot lasts, being made in three sections, came
apart after removing the bolt that fastened the sections together at the top.
He pulled the middle one out and then could remove the others. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">With
a smooth, curved iron which had been heated over a tin lamp, the shoemaker put
a finish on the heel and the edge of the sole. The top part of dress shoes, he
blackened and waxed. Work shoes just received a coat of tallow. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> A
pair of shoes took one person eight to ten hours to make. A pair of shoes in
the late 1700s </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">might cost about 40 cents.</span><br />
<br />
<b>References:</b><br />
<br />
1999 Colonial Williamsburg Teacher Institute
participants. “An 18th-Century Trades Sample: Shoemaker,” <i>Colonial Williamsburg.com.</i> Web 30 Aug. 2016 <https://www.history.org/history/teaching/shoemkr.cfm><br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chin, Cynthia E. “18th-Century Shoemaking.” <i>Mt. Vernon.org,</i> Feb 19, 2015. Web Video
30 Aug. 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fpKVYL3hCo><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fisher, Leonard Everett. <i>The
Shoemakers.</i> New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1967. Print.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">History Myths Debunked.</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> September 7, 2014. Web. 29 Aug. 2016. <https://historymyths.wordpress.com/tag/difference-between-cobbler-and-shoemaker/></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span>Jas.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Shoe Styles of the 18th Century.” <i>Mt. Vernon.org, </i>Feb 19, 2015. Web Video 30 Aug. 2016 <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vX7yZl_LFJU></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Theobald, Mary Miley. “Revisited Myth #25: “Pop Goes the
Weasel” is a cobbler’s work song.” </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Townsend and Son, Inc.” Installing Shoe Buckles.” Feb 21, 2009. Web Video 30 Aug. 2016<o:p></o:p></div>
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMAvG97cLvc><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tunis, Edwin. <i>Colonial
Craftsmen and the Beginnings of American Industry. </i>New York: The World
Publishing Co., 1965. Print.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-8352427607799900172017-07-20T14:13:00.000-07:002017-07-28T07:12:07.162-07:00Clockmaker<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUh-CTYu5HmjPv87a74FvEGTUIp-A39fN_JK7GseymQDw2gFCbPOm70BhlxjVKFNeUHwUSYgIm-VYCQ9ykCxKRhcOWdsR4g1Y75bQ4SLXzL37ZOJAStNJZ5I4fO8ZagwV0ZEW7h4fsXy4u/s1600/Clockmaker.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUh-CTYu5HmjPv87a74FvEGTUIp-A39fN_JK7GseymQDw2gFCbPOm70BhlxjVKFNeUHwUSYgIm-VYCQ9ykCxKRhcOWdsR4g1Y75bQ4SLXzL37ZOJAStNJZ5I4fO8ZagwV0ZEW7h4fsXy4u/s320/Clockmaker.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>Early Clocks<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
The first clock in Pennsylvania might have been a lantern clock made to
sit on a shelf. The lantern clock had a brass box and a bell on top for
striking the hours. The clock had the height of about fifteen inches and a
spring-driven single hand. The face had only hours and half-hour marks. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The next kind of clock <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/07/clockmaker.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>included a
pendulum. The inside of the clock had two rotating drums tied to the pendulum
to operate the hands. The clock’s face included quarter marks in addition to
the hour and half-hour marks. Most of these clocks also only had one hand.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
After that, clocks began to run from
an arrangement of gears with large wheels driving smaller wheels called
pinions. Artisans of the pre-factory period made watches
as well as clocks. Like an apothecary, a clockmaker or a watchmaker had a bit
of prestige. Famous people like George Washington and Benjamin Franklin owned
watches. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Tall Clocks<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
People first called the eight-foot-high
grandfather clock, a coffin clock. A grandmother clock stood only five feet
high. Sometimes they had a calendar date in a small opening near the center of
the dial and showed the phases of the moon in the arch over the dial. These
moved on a mostly hidden disk. Rich families showed
their wealth by owning a tall-case clock costing a few hundred dollars. They
passed them down to their descendants by mentioning the clocks in their wills.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Philadelphia and Lancaster Clockmakers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
In the 1600s and 1700s, Pennsylvania, especially
Philadelphia and Lancaster, had a good reputation for watches and fine
tall-case clocks. Philadelphia’s most famous tall-case clockmaker, David Rittenhouse,
lived in the later 1700s. Remember reading about William Rittenhouse, the
papermaker, in an earlier <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/06/lumber-grist-and-paper-mills.html" target="_blank">blog</a>? David was his great-grandson. Self-educated, David
Rittenhouse made his first wooden clock at age 17. At age 19, he began to make
clocks for others. He made about 100 clocks during his lifetime. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
He made one of his clocks nine feet tall. People
called it a great-grandfather clock. Its chimes covered two octaves and had
four tunes. In addition to showing the moon phases it also exhibited the
position of the planets. Other heavenly information showed on four dials around
the main one. Drexel Institute in Philadelphia currently owns this one. <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/157977899414060098/" target="_blank">Click here to see the clock.</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
Of the Lancaster clockmakers, Martin Shreiner
should be noted. He worked from 1790 to 1830 and made 317 clocks, all numbered.
General Robert E. Lee owned one of his clocks, number 226. In January, 2015,
one of Shreiner’s five musical clocks, number 250, sold for $204,000. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b>References:</b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p> </o:p>Baker, Tony. “Part 6: Early American Clock Making.” <i>Tick
Tock Tony.com</i> Web 20 July 2017 <http://ticktocktony.com/Antique-Clock-History/american-clock-history.html></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Brubaker,
Jack. “The Scribbler: Shreiner tall-case clock sells for record $204,000” <i>Lancaster
Online.com</i>., Jan 23, 2015.
http://lancasteronline.com/opinion/the_scribbler/the-scribbler-shreiner-tall-case-clock-sells-for-record/article_1901a3ce-a277-11e4-b871-8b5ed4377306.html>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
“David
Rittenhouse (1732-1796).” University of Pennsylvania University Archives
and Records Center,
1995-2013 http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/rittenhouse
david.html </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
“Shreiner,
Martin Sr.” <i>Lancasterhistory.org.</i> http://www.lancasterhistory.org/objects/makers-manufacturers-and-artists/3624-shreiner-martin</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">“The
Story Of Clocks And Watches - Part 1.” </span><i style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Oldandsold.com.</i><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> 1963.
<http://www.oldandsold.com/articles03/clocks_watches1.shtml></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p> </o:p>Tunis, Edwin. <i>Colonial Craftsmen</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1999. Print.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-70382895177944189052017-07-13T18:59:00.000-07:002017-07-28T07:14:34.880-07:00Gunsmiths <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMclkADOl-AGryT0OMnwrWBMR1DiytY3RJcYG4a0yVgPbrkN4Biz8T-Pm_0eGIku1Dmw8QbFterfcGH9wz_OabDw3RoM5o0zRqUSuzfMVTZmpA8NvLk9nl6c7VE6gmJRgY7ewHdEgF0C2/s1600/KentuckyRifle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="1600" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpMclkADOl-AGryT0OMnwrWBMR1DiytY3RJcYG4a0yVgPbrkN4Biz8T-Pm_0eGIku1Dmw8QbFterfcGH9wz_OabDw3RoM5o0zRqUSuzfMVTZmpA8NvLk9nl6c7VE6gmJRgY7ewHdEgF0C2/s320/KentuckyRifle.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Kentucky Rifle</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="text-align: left; text-indent: 48px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In colonial times, gunsmiths worked as repairmen and as
makers of new guns. A gunsmith might make a gun from used parts, new parts, or
a combination of used and new. The kind of guns made in the early years of
America were <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/07/gunsmiths.html" target="_blank">Read More </a><br />
<a name='more'></a>muskets, fowling pieces used for shooting birds, long rifles, and
swivel guns which were small canons.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The metal part of the guns which made it fire, the gunlock, mostly came
from England during this time. By the time of the Revolutionary War, Americans
could make their own.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first American-made barrels date from the 1730s. While
gun makers in colonial America appear to have mostly used hand powered tools, a
few gun makers used machines even before the Revolutionary War. One of them, a
boring mill for smoothing the inside of a gun barrel after it is welded
together from strips of iron, was used in Lancaster by 1719.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kentucky Long Rifle<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Early hunters in the Pennsylvania forest used a gun that was
smooth on the inside of a short barrel. Although the marksman could shoot
animals with it, the gun did not perform well.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the early 1700s, a German settler, Martin Mylin, made a
new firearm, the Pennsylvania Long Rifle, in his Lancaster County gun shop.
Shooting the distance of three hundred feet, the new gun reached targets five
times farther away than the smooth-bored muskets. The reason for this
improvement came from the “rifling” in the barrel. A spiral bored inside the
barrel channeled the bullet into a circular pattern that continued after it
emerged from the end of the gun.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although Mr. Mylin’s new invention first received the name
of Pennsylvania Long Rifle, the name got changed. Daniel Boone, a famous
woodman of the time period, impressed people with Mr. Mylin’s rifle when he
used it in Kentucky. After Mr. Boone dubbed it the Kentucky Long Rifle,
everyone called it by that name. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
References: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Cramer, Clayton E. “Firearms Ownership & manufacturing
in Early America.” Claytoncramer.com. Web 5 Oct 2016
<http://www.claytoncramer.com/unpublished/ArmingAmericaLong.pdf></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thomas, Ryan. “The Pennsylvania Long Rifle.” Pennsylvania
Center for the Book, Fall, 2009. Web. 26 Aug. 2016.
<http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Rifles.html><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“What did Gunsmiths Make During Colonial Times?”
Reference.com. Web 5 Oct 2016 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
https://www.reference.com/history/did-gunsmiths-make-during-colonial-times-87c9cadb33b67291#
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
*Photo by httpwww.metmuseum.orgartcollectionsearch4594,
Wikimedia Commons<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-54283346537571171772017-07-06T17:51:00.000-07:002017-07-13T18:59:31.582-07:00Glassmaker<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJzP9Bo7Yqxyo8cqLsKkp0-6h0QVOsKzIbfjdbwioF7-jsGavG1N1ppHH8UKA7u7cHFcAxwMBUB8xhlkP0pbtFEWGs0MK_iaNYEM3x0g49YAU4Pf-DLFVXkFn39RD5720k_Ew5uQOPd75k/s1600/glassmaker.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJzP9Bo7Yqxyo8cqLsKkp0-6h0QVOsKzIbfjdbwioF7-jsGavG1N1ppHH8UKA7u7cHFcAxwMBUB8xhlkP0pbtFEWGs0MK_iaNYEM3x0g49YAU4Pf-DLFVXkFn39RD5720k_Ew5uQOPd75k/s320/glassmaker.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A Glassmaker at 2010 Pennsylvania Renaissance Fair</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
Have you ever heard the expression, “People who live in glass houses
shouldn’t throw stones?” This is referring to someone whose house is made
of glass. Today, I'm describing someone who worked <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/07/glassmaker_6.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>in another kind of glass house in
colonial times. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The glassmaker’s business establishment used to be called a glasshouse.
Small glasshouses making dark colored glass opened in the early days of colonial
Philadelphia. They made cups, glasses, bowls, sugar pots, and pitchers for meal
time. They also made bottles, candlesticks, and window glass.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
A glassmaker stored ingredients including silicon dioxide called
silica, soda from sodium oxide, and lime from limestone in bins. When ready to
make a piece, his assistant mixed the ingredients in the proper ratio, and
brought them to the master in a fire-resistant clay pot. The glassmaker then
inserted the pot into an extremely hot furnace which melted the components
together.<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
After removing the molten glass from the furnace and letting
it cool slightly, the glassmaker picked up a portion of the melted glass with
the end of his blow pipe and blew the glass into the shape he wanted. As it
cooled, he used different tools to shape it into the item desired. Reheating at
various times helped him to continue to work on the piece. Finally, the
glassware moved through a special oven. This is called annealing and allows the
glassware to cool slowly, giving it strength. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
Window
panes required a different method. Basically, the molten glass, fastened to a
long metal rod, grew bell shaped when spun in a circle inside the furnace.
Taking it out of the furnace, the glass maker fastened another metal rod to the
inside of the bell and removed the first. The glassmaker spun the bell-shaped
disc again inside the furnace. Once heated, the piece lost its bell shape and
became flat. The resulting pane appeared more opaque than clear, but colonial
people still preferred it to the oiled skin or paper they had to cover
windows. <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
In 1765, Henry William Stiegel opened a glasshouse in Manheim,
Pennsylvania. Using some different ingredients than most glassmakers, he made a
clear glass instead of the customary dark colored glass. A bell sound occurred
when one tapped a spoon against it. Although this glass cost more, people loved
it for its luster, strength, and beauty.
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<o:p>References:</o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Fisher, Leonard Everett. <i>The Glassmakers</i>. New York: Franklin
Watts, Inc., 1964. Print.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
Fowler, David Web. “About
Colonial Windows and Glass,” <i>Colonial
American Digressions,</i> 7 Sept. 2014. Web 5 Oct 2016.
<http://www.davidwebbfowler.com/2014/09/about-colonial-windows-and-glass.html><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-52885307053460551582017-06-27T14:38:00.000-07:002017-07-06T17:50:49.851-07:00Cabinet Maker<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK6GJ4Ey-825xckdqmLNRCOhKjvaBLh379Qy6P6HZwh2dHMCdIuKgcrQE1D4ObgF5rVcrrDaZuRoGTO4QCcXO_Z13u9c_vRP0h62PVcpELmojakivo80j1CjNeXBQWNmRgKT9z8KOhhz4Z/s1600/furnituremaker.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK6GJ4Ey-825xckdqmLNRCOhKjvaBLh379Qy6P6HZwh2dHMCdIuKgcrQE1D4ObgF5rVcrrDaZuRoGTO4QCcXO_Z13u9c_vRP0h62PVcpELmojakivo80j1CjNeXBQWNmRgKT9z8KOhhz4Z/s320/furnituremaker.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In the early
days of America, the essentials of life kept a person busy. The homeowner or a
neighborhood carpenter built simple rough furniture quickly and simply. The
country carpenter also made <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/06/cabinet-maker.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">coffins and even arranged funerals. The first real
cabinetmakers who made fine furniture arrived in America in 1700 and mostly
worked in more populated areas. The cabinetmaking business boomed between 1750
and 1783.</span><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Early during
this high-demand period, a man in England named Thomas Chippendale published a
book called <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008TVLRPO/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1" target="_blank">The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker’s Director</a> which influenced furniture
made in the colonies. The furniture, patterned after the designs in the book,
grew to be called the English Chippendale type of furniture. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One difference
between the English furniture making and the American process is the kind of
wood used. Of the trees found in America, the most popular one for furniture was
black walnut. American cabinetmakers also specialized in oak, maple, and wild
cherry. For lesser parts of the furniture like backs and drawer sides, they
used pine, white cedar, and tulip. Additional varieties included beech, pear,
gum, apple, and sycamore. Imported mahogany from the countries of Mexico, West
Indies, and South America also became popular. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Colonial hand
tools appear similar to today’s woodworking tools: saws, chisels, planes,
gimlets, augers, hammers, files, braces, and bits. Most of these tools came
from England. The cabinetmaker used simple machines like a great wheel lathe or
a treadle run lathe to make rounded pieces such as table legs. Like today, the
cabinet maker utilized a workbench attaching pieces to it with vices and
clamps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Good joints make
good pieces of furniture. The colonial maker used many different kinds of
joints to fasten two pieces of wood together. None of them used nails. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The earliest
cabinetmakers decorated with carvings and paint to make furniture attractive. The
later wood workers depended more on stains, shellacs, waxes, and oils for
beauty. Some furniture even received padding by the cabinetmaker or an upholsterer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fisher, Leonard Everett. <i>The
Cabinetmakers</i>. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1966. Print. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kalman, Bobbie. <i>Colonial
Crafts.</i> New York: Crabtree Publishing Co., 1992. Print.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
*Illustration not from the Colonial Period</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-87814494334002493172017-06-23T04:56:00.000-07:002017-06-27T14:39:37.110-07:00Blacksmith<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9czPKGCqkVinIaBcFRRty0nR0mFrhY6gcwWG3HGdgRJvvBfq28GZdIH87wXcODkU9pP2deq34jndw4m-R9Dvv5JewCbUE2j8gaklTa_7QYVFyja-NfpzMuTwAXWcvUkdpvSPDKpuvUo6o/s1600/horseshoe.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9czPKGCqkVinIaBcFRRty0nR0mFrhY6gcwWG3HGdgRJvvBfq28GZdIH87wXcODkU9pP2deq34jndw4m-R9Dvv5JewCbUE2j8gaklTa_7QYVFyja-NfpzMuTwAXWcvUkdpvSPDKpuvUo6o/s320/horseshoe.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A necessary part
of frontier life involved the care of horses. For the horse’s protection, metal
horseshoes are nailed to horses’ hooves. In colonial times, a blacksmith would
have made the horseshoes, and either he or a farrier would have “set” them. A
farrier then as well as now traveled from farm to farm to shoe horses. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Records
show that in 1637, <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/06/blacksmith.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">one blacksmith made 40 cents a day shoeing horses. In 1787,
another blacksmith made $1.00 a day. In 2016, a farrier makes about $120.00 a
day after taxes, overhead, and expenses are taken out. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Because of the
equipment his job required, a blacksmith had to have his own place of business.
His work required heating iron to very high temperatures in a forge. The forge,
which is a brick enclosure that contains a fireplace, also has a brick platform
to work on. To make the fire hot enough to heat iron, the blacksmith also
needed a bellows to apply air to the fire. A large block of iron called an
anvil served as a place for pounding metal into the desired shape with a hammer
or mallet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The blacksmith
used an iron bar heated in the forge to make a horseshoe. After it grew hot
enough to be pliable, the blacksmith placed the iron bar on the anvil and
pounded the heated metal into a flat U-shape with the same thickness at all
points. Besides horseshoes, blacksmiths made tools for farmers, kitchen
utensils, gun parts, and other metal objects. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dyer, M.H. “The Life of a Colonial
Blacksmith,” <a href="http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/colonial-jobs-list-10947.html" target="_blank">People of Our Everyday Life</a>. 2016.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stewart, Estelle May and Jesse Chester Bowen.<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=OpIeAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA72&dq=journeyman+blacksmith+colonial&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DSVxU5zuNYSIogTig4KgAw#v=onepage&q=journeyman%20blacksmith%20colonial&f=false" target="_blank">“History of Wages in the United States from Colonial Times to 1928.” </a> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934. </span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Google Books</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-11971936821655003602017-06-17T11:16:00.001-07:002017-06-24T07:13:15.939-07:00Apothecary<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMvBcPLQvWJeBKO7AhY4GvWAEFaqQfQ7uX8x6KfpsBbwWjrdWKt3q0omkxDrV65IMqteNzOxdBSqKezDjqeczcEAko11XvXJCiK5GmrJiq6ygTuz2H9TCo4pXuhUl0sXVbnPlb8LLQt0ki/s1600/apothecary.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMvBcPLQvWJeBKO7AhY4GvWAEFaqQfQ7uX8x6KfpsBbwWjrdWKt3q0omkxDrV65IMqteNzOxdBSqKezDjqeczcEAko11XvXJCiK5GmrJiq6ygTuz2H9TCo4pXuhUl0sXVbnPlb8LLQt0ki/s320/apothecary.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In colonial
days, people sought help for their illnesses from a man called an apothecary
who did some of the same things as the colonial doctor did. Just as people of
today respect and listen to a doctor’s advice, colonial people thought highly
of apothecaries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To decide what
to do, an apothecary <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/06/apothecary.html" target="_blank">Read More</a> </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">looked, listened, and asked questions. He prescribed
medicine for smallpox, malaria, and childhood ailments. The apothecary visited
sick people, and he sometimes performed bloodletting to treat illnesses.
Bloodletting involved cutting into a person’s vein to drain some blood from him
or applying a worm called a leech which sucked out some blood. They believed
that this helped balance the patient’s body fluids. Some apothecaries delivered
babies and performed simple surgeries including tooth extractions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> An
apothecary could obtain medicines in a variety of ways. He might order </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">medicines or the ingredients </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">to make his own </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">from England</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">. S</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">ometimes </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">he grew his own herbs or paid people to gather wild
plants. Unlike the present day drugs, the medicines of colonial days could all
be bought without a prescription.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The preparation
of medicine involved grinding dried plants with a mortar and pestle then
weighing the ingredients before mixing the medicine. An apothecary kept the
ingredients and the medicines in glass jars. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Like
today’s drugstores, an apothecary shop sold other items. One might find soap
and toothbrushes for cleanliness, candles for light as well as coffee and tea
for drinking. For the homemaker’s kitchen, an apothecary might stock cooking
spices, salad oil, and anchovies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Most
apothecaries first served as apprentices, but some attended medical school. To learn
what to do, colonial apothecaries and doctors could buy textbooks, something
not available at the time to most other craftsmen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>References </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Apothecary.” Colonial Williamsburg.com. <a href="https://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradeapo.cfm">https://www.history.org/Almanack/life/trades/tradeapo.cfm</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cohen, Jennie. “A Brief History of Bloodletting.” May 30,
2012. <a href="http://www.history.com/news/a-brief-history-of-bloodletting">http://www.history.com/news/a-brief-history-of-bloodletting</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Colonial Life.” Facts4me.com. <a href="http://facts4me.com/topics.php?t=113">http://facts4me.com/topics.php?t=113</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lawall, Millicent
R. “Apothecary Shops of Colonial Times.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
March 1936. <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jps.3080250317/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jps.3080250317/abstract</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-31909327896519747302017-06-12T11:16:00.000-07:002017-06-24T07:14:29.139-07:00Early Craftsmen and Craftswomen<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnGaRc7MWe45TdToawPR38bbtxnVcAmWn6weGUZKOvae6Agb_YN7aK0XlRIhy4m5bsvFrvH2-ZsBNUCMohcynnFQMPyToApmTINcphX7s1kDYzDlXsbHCsZhqptXgenzDEQgRuBWXd2s4x/s1600/furnituremaker.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnGaRc7MWe45TdToawPR38bbtxnVcAmWn6weGUZKOvae6Agb_YN7aK0XlRIhy4m5bsvFrvH2-ZsBNUCMohcynnFQMPyToApmTINcphX7s1kDYzDlXsbHCsZhqptXgenzDEQgRuBWXd2s4x/s200/furnituremaker.JPG" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Furniture Makers*</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBhUIpj1XJGfqFWReATSKpx6IxhMFV0RhSf0tM0UGxOchic8GYfmpuUoZ217PLOUeaPrkMl8Nc1iqwvTi0v__nuIS7qz0aX0qmjag_8qGq1cY40QiMDEEy6tF8vWsUYON7tNPjAMPvK5l4/s1600/weaver.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBhUIpj1XJGfqFWReATSKpx6IxhMFV0RhSf0tM0UGxOchic8GYfmpuUoZ217PLOUeaPrkMl8Nc1iqwvTi0v__nuIS7qz0aX0qmjag_8qGq1cY40QiMDEEy6tF8vWsUYON7tNPjAMPvK5l4/s200/weaver.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Weavers*</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As towns grew,
hardworking people continued to seize opportunities to start their own
businesses. Although still dependent on England for some supplies, these
townspeople made things like guns, shoes, clocks, clothing, furniture,
silverware, and horseshoes from beginning to end right in their own shops.
Specialized businesses produced all the wares during the 1700s.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In the small
towns, people often worked several jobs. For example, a clock maker <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/06/early-craftsmen-and-craftswomen.html" target="_blank">Read More </a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">might also
make furniture. In addition to being a blacksmith, a man could likewise be a
wheelwright who made wagon wheels and a silversmith who made items from metal.
The tanner who made leather, sometimes also made shoes. Each craftsman did his
own selling. Generally, the craftsman first took an order, and then constructed
what had been requested. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In Philadelphia,
the largest city of that time, a business might have more than one worker. An
upholsterer employed many individual craftsmen. For example, one historical
account about an upholsterer relates that he employed cabinetmakers, glass
grinders, looking-glass frame carvers, and </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">other types of carvers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Training</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Craftsman rarely
went to school to learn the trade. Instead, boys and teens became apprentices
who trained with an accomplished worker and learned his skills. The apprentices
worked for their room and board and, sometimes, a little money. A few were able
to attend school to learn to read, write, and do arithmetic. Apprentices, who
became skilled at their craft and ready to work on their own, sometimes became
journeymen who traveled from town to town, repairing items or making ordered
wares. When they earned enough money, they set up their own businesses in a
building.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Women</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In colonial
days, men owned most businesses. However, women ran millinery shops which
produced women’s hats and mantua businesses which sold women’s dresses. Some
establishments employed women, especially tailors and upholsterers. Unlike men,
most women didn’t have to become apprentices to work in the trades. At times, a
wife learned to know her mate’s business as well as he did although her name
never appeared with his on any sign or advertisement. A few wives </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">even took
over the business when their husbands died.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;">References</b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Bruno, Gwen. “Colonial Jobs List.” <i>Peopleof.oureverydaylife.com</i>.
<a href="http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/colonial-jobs-list-10947.html">http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/colonial-jobs-list-10947.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
“Colonial America’s
Pre-Industrial Age of Wood and Water.” Pennsylvania State University. <a href="http://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/articles/pdf/colonial_wood_water.pdf">http://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/articles/pdf/colonial_wood_water.pdf</a><o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
*Illustrations are not from the colonial time period.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-69397045221979150262017-06-05T10:31:00.000-07:002017-06-13T03:17:57.723-07:00Lumber, Grist, and Paper Mills<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">In the preceding blog the first
definition of industry given in Merriam-Webster had been “the habit of working
hard and steadily.” The second definition of industry in the same resource is “a
group of businesses that provide a particular product or service.” The early
industries in Pennsylvania fit this category. As towns sprang up, <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/06/lumber-grist-and-paper-mills.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">the need for
lumber and flour increased, prompting people to seek to fill those necessities.
Another early kind of mill supplied paper.</span><br />
<br />
<b>Sawmills</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvyzw-3PV1cXOAwxHKVhmDIMyYeIF3Xc1opTYepuSCinyzLqtBMuwGswLCaM6A-xwPrPP5C5LkI8yWBJlaZ9jQh_VBZQociUiUg4bkkjs2GsYnzi54nT1YEmmt23N6PWr31w9dZM9Jl-DF/s1600/wood.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvyzw-3PV1cXOAwxHKVhmDIMyYeIF3Xc1opTYepuSCinyzLqtBMuwGswLCaM6A-xwPrPP5C5LkI8yWBJlaZ9jQh_VBZQociUiUg4bkkjs2GsYnzi54nT1YEmmt23N6PWr31w9dZM9Jl-DF/s200/wood.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Because of the many needs for wood,
individuals started businesses for buying and selling wood and wood products.
Men built a water-powered sawmill as one of the first commercial buildings in a
new town. Swedish settlers built the first one in the southeast of what is now
Pennsylvania in 1662. A huge waterwheel located outside the building in a fast
moving stream of water connected to a series of gears that made the saw move.
One man with a young helper in a saw mill could cut 200 boards from pine wood
in one day, 188 more boards than two men could cut with a two-hand saw in a
day.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Gristmills</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimCzKVyidKPPgKr1N-k7gkCDEHUw9ibI6gCQwTZpEMRxYq4DhME92F0psqqjQQKwfM7O-wCnd-t4rpoEoSIkiQD0sMEB5yM1NrA6Uq78fao4eutdDJHas3LNpixTqDcO7IdztL4rOY0qAR/s1600/wheat.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimCzKVyidKPPgKr1N-k7gkCDEHUw9ibI6gCQwTZpEMRxYq4DhME92F0psqqjQQKwfM7O-wCnd-t4rpoEoSIkiQD0sMEB5yM1NrA6Uq78fao4eutdDJHas3LNpixTqDcO7IdztL4rOY0qAR/s200/wheat.JPG" width="200" /></a>Men also saw the necessity for
grist mills, businesses that specialized in grinding grain into flour. An
individual processing flour by hand used tedious and continual hand motion.
Settlers preferred taking their grain to a grist mill and would travel a great
distance to have their grain ground. They called the man who ran the grist
mill, a miller. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Like saw mills, early grist mills
used mostly water power, with supplemental wind mills in the winter when the
water froze. The water flowing over a large wheel turned it, and that motion
turned smaller gears that put a grinding wheel into motion. The grinding wheel
applied enough pressure on the grain to crush it. Besides grinding the grain,
the miller sold flour he obtained as payment for grinding or bought from a
farmer who had extra. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Those who built a grist mill had to
have knowledge of many different skills. No colleges existed at the time to
teach the trade of grist mill building. Sometimes men learned through
apprenticeship. Reading a book helped others. One book called <i>The Young Mill-Wright & Miller’s Guide</i>
printed in 1795 explained the skills. This book says that the builder needed to
know “basic concepts of engineering, hydraulics, surveying, arithmetic, and
business management.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sandys/Documents/Blogs%20from%20Industry%20book/Blogs%202%20&amp;%203.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> It provided guides for finding the best spot
for a mill, how to make the water go to where you needed it, making the
mechanical parts of a mill, and business advice about working with employees,
suppliers, and transporters. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>A Paper Mill <o:p></o:p></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtJ5ABLdLbPcaFbgFOYLGBracipNMqZj9Dj5xAeCg5GOZeyMMgzGqY0UZrHkS4MAJce5fs0XkRJbgfnDoOnIHU3Qkx9qfOqNHgxoPFz3GqkbtpE4EphVqUEBBVJdvkkqYPQ-vD7JFMIWAb/s1600/paper.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtJ5ABLdLbPcaFbgFOYLGBracipNMqZj9Dj5xAeCg5GOZeyMMgzGqY0UZrHkS4MAJce5fs0XkRJbgfnDoOnIHU3Qkx9qfOqNHgxoPFz3GqkbtpE4EphVqUEBBVJdvkkqYPQ-vD7JFMIWAb/s200/paper.JPG" width="200" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i> </i></b>An early mill
founded in 1690 made paper. Only the town of Germantown in Philadelphia County
had a mill of this kind. In fact, no other paper mills operated anywhere else
in America for twenty more years. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To build
this paper mill, William Rittenhouse received financial backing from two men
plus the printer, William Bradford, who was a leader later during the
Revolutionary War. They set up the mill beside the Wissahickon Creek. No description of the way Mr. Rittenhouse
made paper has been found.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The early
pioneers had to be very creative, intelligent, and inventive to be able to
build saw mills, grist mills, and even a paper mill during the beginning years
of Pennsylvania.</div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sandys/Documents/Blogs%20from%20Industry%20book/Blogs%202%20&amp;%203.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 200%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Shaw <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Resources:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Miller, Arthur, Jr. and Marjorie L. Miller. Guide to the Homes of Famous Pennsylvanians. Mechanicsburg, Penn: Stackpole Books, 2003.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
PA Dept. of Education. “Significant Milestones in Pennsylvania Forest History,” 2000. <a href="http://www.hlma.org/pennswoods/overview/HLMA_milestones.pdf">http://www.hlma.org/pennswoods/overview/HLMA_milestones.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pennsylvania State University. “Colonial America's Pre-Industrial Age of Wood and Water.” <a href="http://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/articles/pdf/colonial_wood_water.pdf">http://www.engr.psu.edu/mtah/articles/pdf/colonial_wood_water.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Sawpit.” <i>Wikipedia.</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_pit">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_pit</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Shaw, Diane. “Want to Build Your Own Grist Mill? Oliver Evans Explains it All!” Unbound, Smithsonian Libraries. 7 Feb 2010. <a href="https://blog.library.si.edu/2010/02/want-to-build-your-own-grist-mill-heres-how-endorsed-by-the-first-architect-of-the-capitol-too/#.WG-9QxsrKM8">https://blog.library.si.edu/2010/02/want-to-build-your-own-grist-mill-heres-how-endorsed-by-the-first-architect-of-the-capitol-too/#.WG-9QxsrKM8</a></span><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-24259839318695015502017-05-30T11:36:00.000-07:002017-06-11T19:01:27.532-07:00Early Agriculture <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrnhFWx72naGKaIVIxttlUcv2Uzcd9OPXD7426BFrC5TxwaQToVoMJ2xOERFS9fUMyLrE8jFPvtWMtN8W_Vx1SaoOmMClV2YMCYX3kb5SP_eo__VVU0OX-B7zSx_avBmlYRx5G4xXygAxp/s1600/Tree+Stumps+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="686" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrnhFWx72naGKaIVIxttlUcv2Uzcd9OPXD7426BFrC5TxwaQToVoMJ2xOERFS9fUMyLrE8jFPvtWMtN8W_Vx1SaoOmMClV2YMCYX3kb5SP_eo__VVU0OX-B7zSx_avBmlYRx5G4xXygAxp/s320/Tree+Stumps+3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The early Pennsylvania colonist
farmed. After he arrived in this country, he chose his land, built a rough
shelter, cleared land by chopping down trees, and planted his crops so he would
have food for winter. The settler deposed of the fallen trees by burning them and
then sold the ashes or used them to make soap. Neighbors helped chop up or pull
out tree stumps using sturdy horses, mules, or oxen. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
Only after preparing his field, did
the settler <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/05/early-agriculture_30.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>build a better house and add zigzag fences, called “worm” or
“rattlesnake” fences. Those fences needed 800 split rails to enclose an acre of
land. Other farm buildings included a barn, a smokehouse for drying meat, and a
springhouse for keeping milk and butter. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The early farmer grew grain crops
of wheat, corn, rye, oats, and barley. His garden included corn, beans,
squashes, and melons. Because he already knew what grew best, when to plant,
and when to harvest in his native climate, the farmer would settle in an area
which matched his homeland’s climate in Europe to better succeed at farming. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
To cut down grains, a farmer used a
scythe, sickle, and cradle. After he gathered the grains into the barn, the
inedible parts had to be separated from the edible part. Some farmers used
animals to tramp the grain. Others used a flail to throw the grain up in the
air. Either the breeze or a fanning mill blew away the chaff, the light outside
cover of grain. If the farmer wished to feed the animals hay, he cut the green
grain and bundled it. The farmer used the leftover stems and leaves as straw
for animal bedding. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
To prepare corn for animals to eat
and to preserve it for winter food for his family, the farmer left the ears on
the stalk until dry. He then cut each stalk and bundled many together. The
bundles, called corn shocks, had to be brought in and processed. First, the
harvester removed the corn ears from each stalk then the husks from each ear.
After that he separated the kernels from each ear. He also parted the corn
stalk from the leaves. The farm family ground some kernels by hand or at a
gristmill to make them easier to eat. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
The farmer usually planted an
orchard. Settlers found peaches already growing in in Pennsylvania when they
came, but from Europe they brought seeds and small saplings of apple, cherry,
pear, and plum trees. The family preserved fruit by drying or juicing it. The
farmer also sometimes fed fruit to the animals.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Besides
working together to get rid of stumps, early settlers aided each other in other
ways. Community members helped each other to build barns and better houses. At
harvest time, they sometimes all worked at one farm at a time to bring in
crops. As the area grew in number of settlers, they joined efforts to construct
a school and a church. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
References:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Klein, Philip S. and Ari Hoogenboom. <i>A History of Pennsylvania.</i> University Park, Pennsylvania: The
Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Stevens, Sylvester K. <i>Portrait
of Pennsylvania.</i> Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.,
1970. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-10197585961824775672017-05-24T16:19:00.003-07:002017-06-11T19:00:30.730-07:00Hunters, Trappers, and Traders<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvzrPtuLf5GfrS4iRnW9VtxxkZ6vz7gXMkQIzKfrYLpeZaQoVjz8ShEX0eDe9JfCPa46US95SuLiQ1Kr2zJ47D6DVHROYS4IcqKyAz76vI4edYBOPiV00nUf559FL9auACoACYbhoOauHw/s1600/buck.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1111" data-original-width="1600" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvzrPtuLf5GfrS4iRnW9VtxxkZ6vz7gXMkQIzKfrYLpeZaQoVjz8ShEX0eDe9JfCPa46US95SuLiQ1Kr2zJ47D6DVHROYS4IcqKyAz76vI4edYBOPiV00nUf559FL9auACoACYbhoOauHw/s320/buck.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pennsylvania
had many kinds of industries over the years. The simplest definition of
industry is “the habit of working hard and steadily.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sandys/Documents/Writing%20Educational/PA%20Industry/Finished%20Parts/Industry%20-%20Section%20One.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> From beginning times, Pennsylvania people labored
to meet their basic needs of food, clothing, and shelter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Woods
covered most of Pennsylvania before explorers came to the New World. Native
Americans <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2017/05/hunters-trappers-and-traders.html" target="_blank">Read More</a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">carved paths through the woods and did a little crop growing, but no
vast fields existed. No towns could be found except for small Native American
villages.</span></div>
<div>
<div id="ftn1">
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div id="ftn1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Before
the first permanent settlers arrived about 1600, and even afterwards, Europeans
roamed the area now called Pennsylvania, hunting and trapping animals for meat
and pelts. They ate the meat and made clothing from the skins. To make money, the
hunters shipped many hides to Europe for the Europeans to use to make hats and
coats. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Some
hunters, traders, and settlers became traders who bargained with the Native
Americans for animal hides. In 1647, the first trading post opened in Pennsylvania.
Trading happened in two ways, either a man stayed in one place where people brought
items to him, or he went to where the goods could be bought, mainly Native
American villages. Many traders conducted business in Pennsylvania during the
1600s and 1700s. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">John
Harris</span></b></div>
<div>
<div id="ftn1">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">One
trader, John Harris from England, represents the stationary kind of trader.
When John Harris discovered a Native American village along the east shore of
the Susquehanna River, he built a trading post nearby. He developed a good
relationship with the natives and traded for animal skins in exchange for items
such as guns, knives, and hatchets. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">John
Harris’s son, John Harris, Jr., grew up there and later founded the city of
Harrisburg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peter
Chartier<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peter
Chartier characterizes the traveling kind of trader. He learned fur trading
from his father and the language of Shawnee from his Native American mother. Mr.
Chartier journeyed to Native American villages to obtain furs. He also served
as an interpreter for other traders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Sandys/Documents/Writing%20Educational/PA%20Industry/Finished%20Parts/Industry%20-%20Section%20One.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Merriam-Webster<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixsFInq9cFnC_Z0wNpRsL3Fz4lQF6U1J28fhPDQ-j2hxpYQ8hz7gg81lWMXIW4NWOhgpikwa2ZsdqStZs7aYH08K1zk5ZhkWYBHaUAQ9CrLwE6gpzbkPgB6d_Ds5OI3-sTh2Xz_AICHKba/s1600/raccoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="267" data-original-width="379" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixsFInq9cFnC_Z0wNpRsL3Fz4lQF6U1J28fhPDQ-j2hxpYQ8hz7gg81lWMXIW4NWOhgpikwa2ZsdqStZs7aYH08K1zk5ZhkWYBHaUAQ9CrLwE6gpzbkPgB6d_Ds5OI3-sTh2Xz_AICHKba/s320/raccoon.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
Sources:</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Early Colonial Times in Bedford County Prior to 1750.” <i>Pa-roots.com.</i> <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.pa-roots.com/bedford/history/earlycolonialtimes.html">http://www.pa-roots.com/bedford/history/earlycolonialtimes.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Masters, John. “The 1600s (The 17<sup>th</sup> Century)!” <i>The Freedom Skool Blog</i>, Aug. 31, 2014. <a href="http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-5.html">http://thefreedomskool.blogspot.com/2014/08/chapter-5.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Pennsylvania Legends: Historic Trails Through the Keystone
State.” <i>LegendsofAmerica.com.</i> <a href="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/pa-trails.html">http://www.legendsofamerica.com/pa-trails.html</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-4402074132138799842016-11-26T17:00:00.001-08:002016-12-04T04:12:11.349-08:00Industry in Pennsylvania<div class="MsoNormal">
I have begun the daunting task of adding to my series of educational workbooks, a book on the history of industry in Pennsylvania. Does everyone
know the three biggies? <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2016/11/industry-in-pennsylvania.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>Oil, coal, and iron! So far I’ve written about the very
earliest industries of hunting, trapping, and trading. Next, I finished a
section on gristmills, sawmills, and an early paper mill. I just had my writer's group
critique a section on colonial craftsmen. I’m now working on the part on coal
mining. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Here is a list of blogs which I've posted about industry in Pennsylvania.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2016/06/coal-dredging.html" target="_blank">Coal Dredging </a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2016/04/david-dekok-expert-on-centralia.html" target="_blank">Centralia</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2015/07/from-archives-juniata-hosiery-mill.html" target="_blank">Juniata Hosiery Mill </a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC87C7EOy5ILyyBA-suQhEd-af0vu518ooiqR0gYsXL1Gu_1g_X9OqbaDQthZrBFwCsoDCn8iUxbzEefZ9t3jBCWtrDm3EC28evkKpfKkn1ogexkI09EqTajWCpEOm60WdbqLRmhEzK8iC/s1600/Dianne+Kerstetter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC87C7EOy5ILyyBA-suQhEd-af0vu518ooiqR0gYsXL1Gu_1g_X9OqbaDQthZrBFwCsoDCn8iUxbzEefZ9t3jBCWtrDm3EC28evkKpfKkn1ogexkI09EqTajWCpEOm60WdbqLRmhEzK8iC/s320/Dianne+Kerstetter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2015/04/central-pennsylvania-garment-factories.html" target="_blank">Central Pennsylvania Garment Factories </a> </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2014/10/greenwood-furnace-iron-master.html" target="_blank">Greenwood Furnace: Iron Master </a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT6dXIcgJ0MICjAkZEZzsMV9goAU0duOzHhM9R-iJWWcYIznH3F2BSOPL2T4WNpY_p6aZ-ATe3cfokUd-j26QDuVctr8bNKlEvnohK499v69wr3ZnUimq9q8oF9hyeEpf39YdzXl_8fqDF/s1600/Charcoal+Burn+051.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT6dXIcgJ0MICjAkZEZzsMV9goAU0duOzHhM9R-iJWWcYIznH3F2BSOPL2T4WNpY_p6aZ-ATe3cfokUd-j26QDuVctr8bNKlEvnohK499v69wr3ZnUimq9q8oF9hyeEpf39YdzXl_8fqDF/s320/Charcoal+Burn+051.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2014/09/greenwood-furnace-colliers.html" target="_blank">Greenwood Furnace: The Collier</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2014/09/greenwood-furnace-colliers.html" target="_blank">Greenwood Furnace: The Woodcutter </a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2014/09/greenwood-furnace-village.html" target="_blank">Greenwood Furnace: The Village </a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoHwqhDRSBVu6oXsJ_0rIDaLwq7RuBDNAELSI0soCweO4HwvFoB1EhAWv7vi8ilcWDVW48i7SHXMGR580dI1-TfANdwALJqgE1wNNaKzLxmwrC5AqImwPv5R-Bo67h84bWS8iltx9tdlcP/s1600/replica+of+original+building.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoHwqhDRSBVu6oXsJ_0rIDaLwq7RuBDNAELSI0soCweO4HwvFoB1EhAWv7vi8ilcWDVW48i7SHXMGR580dI1-TfANdwALJqgE1wNNaKzLxmwrC5AqImwPv5R-Bo67h84bWS8iltx9tdlcP/s320/replica+of+original+building.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2014/07/drake-oil-well-museum-park.html" target="_blank">Drake Oil Well </a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Check out my other books at <a href="http://www.pahistorybooks.com/" target="_blank">pahistorybooks.com/</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-77527900550494309692016-11-19T18:00:00.000-08:002016-12-04T04:14:07.871-08:00Millerstown Holiday Craft Show 2016<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTuZf4dAFQqTPoqqn2KTZ7NOPPGayE_YhLETiutKnVFmIKEyzyXtGJYBAZ8LWZTwDaFjUq-an28CT8jVe3ukgfWPOuTPZG4PeYW3KYKmG54SgfYvYBWYiyjblkEz7mymsQSRtcpNcwfBkw/s1600/P1140207.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTuZf4dAFQqTPoqqn2KTZ7NOPPGayE_YhLETiutKnVFmIKEyzyXtGJYBAZ8LWZTwDaFjUq-an28CT8jVe3ukgfWPOuTPZG4PeYW3KYKmG54SgfYvYBWYiyjblkEz7mymsQSRtcpNcwfBkw/s320/P1140207.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">J & D Wood Crafts</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
“Why
did I pick this lane?” I wanted to park so I could go to the Millerstown
Holiday Craft Show in Millerstown, Pennsylvania, but found myself trapped in my
car in front of the Greenwood Elementary School where the craft show is held. <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2016/11/millerstown-holiday-craft-show-2016.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>In front of me, a kind husband had arrived to pick up his wife’s large
purchases of a shelf unit and a desk. He looked at me in an apologetic manner,
as did his wife later. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I
reminded myself that the delay could have been God arranged. Who knows what
trouble I missed because I sat there fifteen minutes? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: center;">Once I
finally got inside, I found the crafts worth the wait. Right away, I spotted
the man who my husband said to say hi to, John Pontius. I had to wait to talk
to him because his stand, J & D Wood Crafts, had gathered so much attention. He makes detailed
wooden toys, planes, trains, cars, tractors with trailers, and hobby horses.</span><span style="text-align: center;">The man is an expert craftsman. </span><span style="text-align: center;">When
I could get near and convey my husband’s greeting, Mr. Pontius told me he
once also made a logging truck for a fellow. </span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVoKw7cqkqhxirH3quejuAK5D8LTv82aPWp5OpYf_yfFJ1gAcrYt307VkXV_3rGD_XHMYh4T5SCfzDSufUQ6aihqWgyg9YB8DOZa566cdS5wZYdD_f6SOEQMrggWWpPkdKSvzgFiq3953X/s1600/P1140202+-+Copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVoKw7cqkqhxirH3quejuAK5D8LTv82aPWp5OpYf_yfFJ1gAcrYt307VkXV_3rGD_XHMYh4T5SCfzDSufUQ6aihqWgyg9YB8DOZa566cdS5wZYdD_f6SOEQMrggWWpPkdKSvzgFiq3953X/s200/P1140202+-+Copy.JPG" width="165" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pikchurs</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At the end of the entrance way, I stopped to talk to Ted and
Sandy Pennabaker at the Wings of Kindness stand. At this craft show, Wings of
Kindness sells baked goods. This is just one of the fund raisers that they do
to raise money to help kids. Mr. Pennabaker told me that someone just donated a
truck load of booster seats which they gave to the local Head Start for their
vans. I like that they help local kids, some of the very ones who I see from
day to day as a substitute teacher. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">Next, I
wandered past a woman with nature pictures on her table. I smiled, and she
explained that she took all the pictures I saw there. Two really special ones,
one of a buoy and another of sunset, she had imprinted on canvas. I bought a
picture of rocks she took at Acadia National Park. She remarked that this is
her first attempt sell her pictures. Her house has them all over the walls, and
she thought others might like them too. I sure did.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVTx25pRdx0oEK0IL1Av4O1QK025k2fmpm0kdbX5KWNEz-ntNfSzKa6V978pt-MS8TZA0PL9QLKuN5UGYDsc-9yCe29h7GGxU6oQbcHdTKWve1g_wnunYfA0uq1nFpfUMFkIlVryQRR7Pl/s1600/20161119_075349.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVTx25pRdx0oEK0IL1Av4O1QK025k2fmpm0kdbX5KWNEz-ntNfSzKa6V978pt-MS8TZA0PL9QLKuN5UGYDsc-9yCe29h7GGxU6oQbcHdTKWve1g_wnunYfA0uq1nFpfUMFkIlVryQRR7Pl/s320/20161119_075349.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Knits By Nay</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Another
woman, Renee Nankivell, had unique knitted items. Her card lists Millerstown as
<o:p></o:p><br />
her address and reveals her business as Knits By Nay. I especially liked her
Christmas baby hat, but thought my little granddaughter might be already too
big for it. The lamb ears on some full hoods caught my eye as well as the many
other cute items. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I
bought a barbecue sandwich to eat and talked to the man taking the money, Mr. Barnard, a
teacher I substitute for sometimes. After leaving the craft show, I visited <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2015/03/stitch-in-time-antique-and-gift-mall.html" target="_blank">Stitch In Time Antique and Gift Mall</a>. They had
their Open House today too. All in all, I enjoyed the beautiful weather, the
people, and the crafts. I can’t wait for the Spring Fling Craft Show in March. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Here is
the contact information for the vendors I mentioned:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>J & D Wood Crafts</b>, John and Dorothy Pontius,
717-535-5625 He will be at <a href="http://www.xmasinthepark.com/" target="_blank">Christmas in the Park</a> in Richfield, Pennsylvania, next Saturday, November 26, 2016. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Knits By Nay</b>, Renee Nankivell, 717-275-2089, <a href="http://www.facebook.com/KnitsByNay" target="_blank">Knits By Nay </a>facebook page, knitsbynay@gmail.com<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Pikchurs</b>, <o:p></o:p><span style="text-indent: 48px;">leesal996@verizon.net</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Wings of Kindness</b>, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/WingsOfKindness/" target="_blank">Wings of Kindness</a> facebook page<br />
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Other blogs about the Millerstown
craft shows: </span><br />
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2016/03/pennsylvania-products.html" target="_blank">2016 Spring Fling Craft Show</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2015/11/millerstown-holiday-craft-show-2015.html" target="_blank">2105 Holiday Craft Show</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2015/03/millerstown-spring-fling-craft-show.html" target="_blank">2015 Spring Fling Craft Show</a><o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2014/12/millerstown-holiday-craft-show.html" target="_blank">2014 Holiday Craft Show</a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-5417378682634263732016-11-13T11:02:00.000-08:002016-11-19T12:14:28.647-08:00D. J. Ernst Books<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4CkvN0ZG6F8y-ksKoxxlGrDYym_bFGJPIry7RukliQO0aolmEh55Hkq5odCRfvphT3m227u-seDXokKUusFbViONK75wszbvtNYeoEipvLs41qMyCfn5OQyo3lRhJ-ExUijVzURL0tlud/s1600/P1140173.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4CkvN0ZG6F8y-ksKoxxlGrDYym_bFGJPIry7RukliQO0aolmEh55Hkq5odCRfvphT3m227u-seDXokKUusFbViONK75wszbvtNYeoEipvLs41qMyCfn5OQyo3lRhJ-ExUijVzURL0tlud/s320/P1140173.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From time to time, I stop at D. J. Ernst Books in
Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. I browse the shelves, looking for good source
material to use when I write children’s educational workbooks. Mr. Ernst has a
really good selection on Pennsylvania history. During my last visit, I found two books that I wanted and <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2016/11/d-j-ernst-books.html" target="_blank">read more</a> </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">handed him my credit card. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Ernst smiled and said, “I don’t take credit
cards, only cash and promises to pay.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I looked at him in puzzlement, and he explained, “I
tell people to send me their payment if they don’t have the cash. I got a
letter today with two tens in it. Wait, I’ll show you.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He disappeared for a minute and came right back
holding two letters. He gave me a shy smile and handed them to me. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I perused the letters which thanked Mr. Ernst for
trusting them to send payment. One of the customers wrote that Mr. Ernst had restored his faith in humankind. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">I handed the letters back to Mr. Ernst. "Those are really nice letters."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He laid them down on the counter and smiled again.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> “In the forty-one years I've operated this
shop, I haven’t lost much money doing business this</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> way. A couple of
Susquehanna University students didn’t pay, but I think they just forgot.
Another man didn’t want to pay, but eventually his wife paid his bill.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"That's great!" I looked
in my wallet. I found enough cash for my purchase, paid my bill, and left.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mr. Ernst’s method for payment rumbled around in my
mind when I came home. I remembered how my dad sold cider at the end of our
lane back in the fifties. He put the gallon jugs on a stand and a box for the
money, all out of sight from our house. People took what cider they wanted and
left the money. I asked my mother, and she didn’t remember that we ever got
cheated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What a pleasure to know that someone still has confidence in people’s honesty, and that individuals have responded well to that
trust! <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If you want to visit D. J. Ernst Books, the address
is 27 North Market Street, Selinsgrove, PA 17870.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5858430037578624198.post-29681781960589536282016-09-30T16:51:00.001-07:002016-09-30T16:52:32.599-07:00Serving Prisoners in Pennsylvania<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXTHrmspsaxv_GPkBoVXINbw4ZcjH05POhEYCwnHd_ers47BTaGzMadBDmMJzcw6TpG81ClKToQrEmFBN4wZYrHvxNvSVPBwsHmizOt8s2YhHzuJSOXWk04tAjZyklOB4Ga1v-KgFdv19N/s1600/Juniatacountyjail.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXTHrmspsaxv_GPkBoVXINbw4ZcjH05POhEYCwnHd_ers47BTaGzMadBDmMJzcw6TpG81ClKToQrEmFBN4wZYrHvxNvSVPBwsHmizOt8s2YhHzuJSOXWk04tAjZyklOB4Ga1v-KgFdv19N/s320/Juniatacountyjail.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Former Juniata County Jail</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Recently, I read in my Bloomsburg alumni magazine that four
Pennsylvania institutions have been selected to participate in a pilot program
called Second Chances Pell. The program will allow qualified inmates from seven
different prisons to receive money to attend college. Each must be due for
parole within five years. Research shows that prisoners who become educated
during prison have a higher rate of not returning there. The colleges
participating are Bloomsburg University, Indiana University, Lehigh Carbon
Community College, and Villanova University. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reading this fact made me think about prison ministry. My
own venture into that arena <a href="http://pahistorybooks.blogspot.com/2016/09/serving-prisoners-in-pennsylvania.html" target="_blank">Read More</a><br />
<a name='more'></a>happened 25 years ago. Prison Fellowship Ministries
advertised for pen pals to write to prisoners. I decided to apply for one and received
a pen pal who corresponded with me for 17 years. I found that at times her
letters served as an encouragement to me when I was supposed to be encouraging
her. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second time I helped a prisoner, my husband became
involved. A friend of ours approached us about offering a current prisoner at a
local jail a job working on our current building project. When we agreed, we
found our lives enriched by the chance we took. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of my dear writer friends, Pat Parker, volunteered for
an organization called <a href="http://www.prisonervisitation.org/our-visitors" target="_blank">Prisoner Visitation and Support</a> (PVS). Their main goal
is to provide visitors to the unvisited at federal and military prisons. PVS
asks for people to visit, talk, and listen to the prisoners, nothing else. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I met Gary Krabill as a fellow homeschool parent. He at one
time served as a chaplain at our local prison and is now the Mifflin County
prison chaplain. He is also the chaplain for a Juniata County Prison Ministry program
called Under His Wings which provides temporary housing and a support system
for released prisoners. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Venturing into prison ministry is something I don’t regret.
I want to applaud the people and the institutions I’ve mentioned for reaching
out to those in prison. <o:p></o:p><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
******************<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pastor Krabill is currently looking for a godly male
houseparent to serve at the transitional housing offered in Juniata County.
Call him at 717-363-2167 if you are interested. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Remember those in prison as if you were their fellow
prisoners, and those who are mistreated as if you yourselves were suffering.”
Hebrews 13: 3<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
“I was in prison and you came to visit me … I tell you the
truth, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers of mine, you did
for me.” Matthew 25:36, 40<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Sandy Sieberhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15710319975152132712noreply@blogger.com1